Link English class 11 part-1

Arranging Words in Alphabetical Order
In dictionaries words are listed according to their first letter. When you are looking for the word ‘abacus’, you have to start from ‘a’ at the top of page of the dictionary. Then you have to turn over the page having ‘a b’, then’ ‘a b a’, ‘a b a c’, abacus respectively. This is called alphabetical order.

Example:
assize, assist, ass, assign, associate, assimilate, assign, assume, assure, assonance, assault, assert, asset, aside, assonance, asteroid, astride , assess, aspire, aspect

Here, letters ‘as’ are common in all words. So, when you are arranging in alphabetical order look third letter that is after ‘as’ here is the letter that comes first, then p, s, ……………etc. In this way;

The correct order is:
aside, aspect, aspire, ass, assault, assert, assess, asset assign, assimilate, assist, assize, associate, assort, assume, assure, asteroid , astray, astride.

Examples:
1. Arrange in alphabetical.
from, form, firm, film, flimsy, fine, fin, fun, for, far, fee, flee, free, foam, farm, freeze, frenzy, flame, fame, France

Answers:
fame, far, farm, fee, film, fin, fine, firm, flame, flee, flimsy, foam, for, form, France, free, freeze, frenzy, from, fun

2.Complete the following sentences by writing an correct letter in each space.

(a) Choice comes before choose because…..comes before……….in the alphabet.
(b) Deference comes before ‘different because…..comes before….in the alphabet.
(c) Examination comes before ‘examine’ because ….comes before ..in the alphabet.
(d) Disappear comes before disappoint because …comes before…..in the alphabet.
(e) ‘Mainly’ comes before ‘many’ because…..comes before ……in the alphabet.

Answers:
(a)Because ‘i’ comes before ‘o’ in the alphabet.
(b)Because ‘e’ comes before ‘i’ in the alphabet.
(c)Because ‘a’ comes before ‘i’ in the alphabet.
(d)Because ‘e’ comes before ‘o’ in the alphabet.
(e)Because ‘i’ comes before ‘n’ in the alphabet.

3. Arrange the following words in alphabetical order:
pole, poky, polka, poker, poke, polaroid

Answers: poke, poker, poky, Polaroid, pole, polka

Exercises:

1. Put the following words in alphabetical order.
Phone, picture, piece, picnic, phrase, pirate

2. Arrange the following words in alphabetical order:
misery, missing, mistake, miserable, missionary, mishap, mislead, missing.

3. Put the following words in alphabetic order:
Choir, Choice, Chocolate, Cholera, Chock, Chop.

4. Arrange the following words in an alphabetical order:
Neutralize, Notorious, narcotic, Nebula, Neutral

Note: Remember that in ease of person’s name, surname comes first not the first name.
Example: Ghale, Pushpa not Pushpa Ghale.

Quarter and Guide Word
Finding Word in Dictionary
Easy Way to Find a Word in the Dictionary:
Generally, a dictionary is divided into 4 quarter (1/2 or 25% of the pages)

(a) First quarter: It contains the words begin with the letters A – D.
(b) Second quarter: it contains the words begin with the letters E – L.
(c) Third quarter: It contains the words begin with the letters M – R.
(d) Fourth quarter: It contains the cords begin with the letters S – Z.

Examples:

1. In which quarter of the dictionary will you find the following words?

(i) journey …………………….2nd
(ii) fence………………………..2nd
(iii) picture………………………3rd
(iv) until…………………………4th
(v) benefit……………………… 1st
(vi) include……………………….2nd
(vii) kitchen……………………….2nd
(viii) where…………………………4th
(ix) yellow……………………….. 4th
(x) towards ………………………4th

2. In which quarter of the dictionary will you find the following words
(i) earn (ii) society (iii) menthol (iv) fool

Answers: (i) 2nd (ii) 4th (iii) 3rd (iv) 2nd

Exercises:

1. In which quarter of the dictionary will you fine the following words?
(i) justice (ii) profession (iii) beautiful (iv) kitchen (v) weather

2. In which quarter of the dictionary will you find the following words?
(i) fast (ii) monkey (iii) x-ray (iv) ant

3. In which quarter of the dictionary you find the following words:
i) irony ii) negotiation iii) badger iv) trip

Guide Word.

When you look at the top of the dictionary, you will find two-bolded word on the both end. They are called guide words. The first one is the first word of the page and the other is the last word of that page.

Example
(Advanced learner Dictionary 7th edition)

The pages given above shows that ‘mole’ is the first word of those two pages and ‘monkeyed’ is the last word of those two pages. You can find all the word that fall between them.

For example: mole, molecule ………… mom, moment, Monday monkey….……etc

Example:

1. Choose the guide words for each head word.
civil ——- guard/ guidance | enlighten/ensconce
guild ——-chief/circular | desert/ desk
desire —– dermatitis/ desert | citizen/cite.

Answers:
civil = citizen/ civilized.
guild = guide/gull
desire = desert/ desk

Exercise:

1. Choose the guide words for each head word.
rebel ——- canal/canopy | manufacturer/migraine
carpet ——– caricature/ cart | Occasion/ odd
march ———– ecology/ edit | readiness/ reality
education ———edition/effort | readiness/reality
realistic ———–hateful/head | three/ though

Checking Spelling
Ten Rules
1. Word having single syllable with single vowel before ending single consonant is doubled when we add any suffix.
Example: hit = hitting, run= runner knit=knitted

2. Two or three syllable word ending in single consonant followed by a single vowel is doubled.
Example: acquit = acquitter, begin =beginner, recur = recurring (qu = single consonant)

3. Final consonant of handicap, kidnap and worship is doubled.
Example: kidnap – kidnapped, worship = worshipped, kidnap = kidnapped.

4. Two separately pronounced single ‘l’ following single vowel is usually doubled.
Example: appal-appalling, travel= travelling, but duel= duelist

5. Final “e” is omitted while adding suffices.
Example: love = loving, move= movable, make= making

But ending in ‘ee’ ‘ce’ ‘ge’, suffix beginning with consonant, ‘e’ is retained.
Example: agree= agreement, agreeing, judge = judgment, peace = peaceful, hope = hopeful, fortunate = fortunately

6. When suffix ‘full’ is added one ‘L’ is dropped.
Example: beauty + full = beautiful, skill + full = skilful

7. Word ending in ‘y’ after single consonant, ‘y’ changes into ‘i’ before any suffix added.
Example: carry + ed= carried, baby + es = babies, happily= happily, but carry =carrying.

8. ‘I’ comes before ‘e’ except after ‘c’.
Example: believe, sieve but deceive, receipt
Exceptions: eight, heir, reign, their, foreign, veil, weight, height, leisure, forfeit, seize

9. ‘ef’ or ‘fe’ becomes ‘ves’ when we add ‘es’ suffix.
Example: wife = wives, thief = thieved

10. Different between British & American spelling.
British American
centre center
labour labor
programme program
colour color
traveller traveler
skilful skillful
fulfil fulfill
a licence a license
to practise to practice

Example:
1. All the words below are spelt wrongly, write each of them correctly.
arguement, decieve, dieing, disapear, enquier, famouse, fulfill, grammer, imediately, nineth, queit , seperate, suceed, sucessful, writting, beleif, foriegn, greateful, knifes, untill

Answers:
argument, deceives, dyeing, disappear, enquire, famous, fulfill, grammar, immediately, ninth, quiet, separate, succeed, successful, writing, belief, foreign, grateful, knives, until

Example:
1. All the words below are spelt wrongly, write each of them correctly.
replaceable, judgement, thier, liesure, carriing, skillfull, graceous, duely, truely, wifes, runer, recurring, duellist, repelent, center, labor, hieght, begining, handicaped, precious